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交流同步电动机是一种恒速驱动电动机，其转子转速与电源频率保持恒定的比例关系，被广泛应用于电子仪器仪表、现代办公设备、纺织机械等。同步电动机是属于交流电机，定子绕组与异步电动机相同。它的转子旋转速度与定子绕组所产生的旋转磁场的速度是一样的，所以称为同步电动机。正由于这样，同步电动机的电流在相位上是超前于电压的，即同步电动机是一个容性负载。为此，在很多时候，同步电动机是用以改进供电系统的功率因数的。
AC synchronous motor is a kind of constant speed drive motor, the rotor speed and power frequency remained constant proportion, is widely used in electronic instruments and modern office equipment, textile machinery and so on. Synchronous motor is belonging to the AC motor, stator winding of asynchronous motor is the same. The speed of a rotating magnetic field generated by the rotor rotation speed and the stator winding is the same, so called for synchronous motor. Because of this, synchronous motor current in phase is advance to a voltage, synchronous motor is a capacitive load. Therefore, in many cases, synchronous motor is used to improve the power factor of the power supply system.
作电动机运行的同步电机。由于同步电机可以通过调节励磁电流使它在超前功率因数下运行，有利于改善电网的功率因数，因此，大型设备，如大型鼓风机、水泵、球磨机、压缩机、轧钢机等，常用同步电动机驱动。
低速的大型设备采用同步电动机时，这一优点尤为突出。此外，同步电动机的转速完全决定于电源频率。频率一定时，电动机的转速也就一定，它不随负载而变。这一特点在某些传动系统，特别是多机同步传动系统和精密调速稳速系统中具有重要意义。同步电动机的运行稳定性也比较高。同步电动机一般是在过励状态下运行，其过载能力比相应的异步电动机大。异步电动机的转矩与电压平方成正比，而同步电动机的转矩决定于电压和电机励磁电流所产生的内电动势的乘积，即仅与电压的一次方成比例。当电网电压突然下降到额定值的80%左右时，异步电动机转矩往往下降为64%左右，并因带不动负载而停止运转；而同步电动机的转矩却下降不多，还可以通过强行励磁来保证电动机的稳定运行。
结构同步电动机的结构和同步发电机基本相同，转子也分凸极和隐极。但大多数同步电动机为凸极式。安装形式也分卧式和立式。为了解决同步电动机的启动问题，在其转子上一般装有起动绕组。它还可以在运行中抑制振荡,故又称阻尼绕组。除了上述传统结构外,还有一种无滑动接触的爪极式转子结构。以6极电机为例，在转轴上相向地装上两组爪形磁极。一组在爪盘上沿轴向向右伸出3个极身；另一组反向安装在右边,使爪盘上沿轴向向左伸出3个极身。两组磁极的极性相反。磁极的外圆周表面装配后，不再象一般凸极电机那样呈圆瓦面，而是楔形瓦面，即一端的极弧较另一端长，整个转子形状如图。励磁绕组装在两侧磁轭外缘。它产生的磁通经过N、S极间的侧向主气隙gm、转子和定子间的轴向气隙g1和g2，再经端盖和机座而闭合，如图中虚线所示。为防止磁通经转轴短路，转轴应采用非磁性钢；或把转轴分成3段,中间一段为非磁性钢。这种结构的主要优点是旋转部分没有绕组，也无集电环和电刷之间的滑动接触，故运行可靠，绝缘结构简单，维修也方便。但它的主磁路长且有较多气隙，使励磁所需功率增大；电机外壳有强磁性，这会引起轴承发热；而转轴也必须采用隔磁措施。因此这种电机并未获得普遍推广，只在某些特殊场合下使用，一般容量不超过几百千瓦。
For motor operation of synchronous motor. Due to the synchronous motor by adjusting the excitation current to make it work in the leading power factor under, is conducive to the improvement of the grid power factor. Therefore, large equipment, such as large blower, pumps, ball mill, air compressors, the rolling machine, commonly used in synchronous motor drive.
Low speed synchronous motor with large equipment, this advantage is particularly prominent. In addition, the synchronous motor speed is determined by the frequency of the power supply frequency. When the motor speed is certain, it does not vary with load and variable. This feature in some transmission system, especially has the important meaning of speed control system of synchronous transmission system multi machine and precision control. The operation stability of synchronous motor is relatively high. The synchronous motor is generally run in over excitation condition, the overload capacity than asynchronous motor. The corresponding torque and voltage is proportional to the Ping Fangcheng product of asynchronous motor, electromotive force and torque of synchronous motor's decision generated by voltage and motor excitation current the first party only and is proportional to the voltage. When the voltage suddenly drops to the rated value of 80% when the torque of asynchronous motor is decreased to about 64%, and by the band The torque of the synchronous motor is not reduced, but the synchronous motor can be operated by forced excitation to ensure the stability of the motor.
The structure of synchronous motor and the synchronous generator is basically the same, the rotor salient pole and non salient pole synchronous motor. But the most salient pole type. The installation form can be divided into horizontal and vertical. In order to solve the problem of synchronous motor starting, in the rotor is usually equipped with starting winding. It can also inhibit the oscillations in the operation, so also called damping winding. In addition to the traditional structure, and a sliding contact of the claw pole rotor structure with 6 pole motor. For example, are installed on the rotary shaft two groups of claw shaped magnetic pole. A group in the claw plate along the axial direction to the right out of the 3 polar body; another group of reverse installation on the right, the claw plate out of the 3 polar body along the axial direction to the left. Two groups of magnetic poles of opposite polarity. The outer circumferential surface of the magnetic pole assembly, not as general as salient motor round tiles, but wedge tile surface, namely, one end of the other end of the pole arc is long, the whole. The shape of figure. Excitation assembled on the two sides of the outer edge of the magnetic yoke. It produces a magnetic flux through the N, S pole between the lateral main air gap between the rotor and the stator GM, the axial air gap of G1 and G2, and then by an end cover and a base and closed, such as the dotted line shows the flux through the rotating shaft to prevent. Short shaft adopts non magnetic steel; or the shaft is divided into 3 sections, the middle section of the non-magnetic steel. The main advantage of this structure is not part of rotary winding, no sliding contact between collecting ring and brush, so the insulation has the advantages of simple structure, reliable operation, convenient maintenance. But its main magnetic circuit the long and large amount of air gap, the excitation power required to increase; the motor shell has strong magnetic fields, which will cause the bearing heating; and the shaft must also be used in magnetic isolation measures. So the motor has not been widely used, only in some special occasions, the general capacity of no more than several hundred kilowatts.
